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The country is located in the Balkans on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south.
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Estonia is a small country with a population of 1,3 million, which is naturally reflected in the limited size of the music industry and market. Furthermore, until regaining independence in 1991, the market was also fairly closed to international music industry trends and has resulted in relatively few companies specialising in music publishing beyond sheet music production and sales.
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None of the major publishers, Warner Chappell, Universal Music Publishing Group, or Sony Music Publishing are present in Estonia and the region is overseen by Sweden since it is the nearest country with major publishers. As the sector and tradition of music publishing is still relatively young in Estonia, the majority of authors are self-published and represented by the collective management organization, EAÜ.
However, in recent years, several Estonian authors have worked with publishers from abroad (mainly Finland). There are, however, two independent music publishers that were both set up in the last three years – FAAR Music and Tier Music. FAAR Music represents a dozen writers/producers and Tier represents a little under ten. Tier Music has also worked on developing a sync agency side, where they represent a dozen local artists for synch both in Estonia and abroad.
There are also a few companies that are developing 360 agencies with a publishing side, so there will likely be more independent music publishers in Estonia in the near future. Last year, the Estonian Music Industry Awards also created a new category for Publisher of the Year, which will hopefully help raise awareness of music publishing in Estonia. A few Estonian authors and composers are also represented by publishers abroad.
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All three major labels, Warner Music, Universal Music, and Sony Music, are present in Estonia and represent local artists as well as their international catalogues. Universal Music, Sony Music and Warner Music do not as of now have a legal entity in Estonia and are essentially affiliates of their Finnish offices. Sony Music Entertainment Finland launched a co-venture in 2019 with Estonian management Made in Baltics forming Made in Baltics Entertainment.
There are also a few independent record labels. Some notable ones include:
• Estonian Funk Embassy
• TIKS Rekords
• Õunaviks
• Legendaarne Records
Two independent labels also work closely with majors: SMUUV Records with Warner Music and Made in Baltics with Sony Music.
All these labels are naturally involved in the clearance process of synch licensing and some independent labels are also working on developing their synch reach by pitching their music to music users, attending conferences and workshops as well as being in contact with music supervisors abroad.
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The Estonian Author’s Society was founded in 1991 and represents more than 6000 copyright holders from Estonia and 4 million copyright holders worldwide. EAÜ belongs to GESAC and CISAC networks, which bring together authors from 119 countries 8. With regards to synch, EAÜ licenses its members’9 works to various types of films (feature films, documentaries, short films) and TV programmes (broadcasting and VOD). The EAÜ does not issue licenses for using musical works in advertising. Such use must be conducted directly through the authors or their representatives10.
To obtain a synchronisation license from EAÜ, an application needs to be submitted via their website, upon which the EAÜ will issue an invoice and then the music can be used in an audiovisual work11.
The EAÜ 2022 Transparency Report details the types of licenses that EAÜ can grant users12:
• „public performance of works as live or technically mediated performance (public performance right);
• transmission, direct injection or retransmission of works via radio, television, cable network or satellite or via other technical equipment (the right of transmission, direct injection and retransmission);
• making works available to the public in such a way that persons can access the work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, also via the Internet (right of making the work available to the public);
• recording works on sound or video medium, film or other similar medium or device and distribution of the work in such a manner (right of reproduction and synchronisation).”
Figure 1 shows that the majority of EAÜs revenue from music licensing in 2022 came from Cable TV, followed by television. Important revenue sources are also licensing fees from reproduction rights, including recording and releasing music both physically and digitally, and making it available online (not shown on figure 1., but adding up to €1 134 973 in 2022)13.
The Estonian Author’s Society operates based on set licenses and tariffs for various categories of music usage in audiovisual works. The tariffs are based on the fee per second of usage and apply to the licensing of existing works. Regardless of the track, the fee per second remains the same. In the case of TV broadcasting, the fee also depends on the territories where the work will be shown.
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